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(a) decreases the net polarisation of magnetisation
(b) increases the frequency of magnetisation precession
(c) increases the magnetic field inhomogeneity
(d) decreases the energy deposited in the patient
(e) decreases the relaxation rate T2*
(a) Lower b-values impart a higher diffusion weighting to the image
(b) Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) readouts are typically used
(c) The apparent diffusion coefficient has units of mm2/s
(d) Increasing the strength of diffusion weighting gradients increases the b value
(e) The amount of diffusion attenuation measured is independent of applied gradient direction for all tissues
(a) rotate magnetisation by 90°
(b) cannot be used to impart T2 weighting to an image
(c) can be used to null fat signal when used in conjunction with a long inversion time
(d) can be used to impart T1 weighting to an image
(e) can be used to null CSF signal when used in conjunction with a long inversion time
(a) Increased turbo factor leads to shorter scan duration
(b) Increased turbo factor leads to blurring in tissue with short T1
(c) TSE is only compatible with multi-slice 2D imaging
(d) TSE can utilise refocussing pulses with flip angles below 180°
(e) Single-shot TSE is robust to patient motion
(a) is used to increase scan duration
(b) requires receive coils with multiple receive channels
(c) results in a loss in SNR
(d) allows k-space to be undersampled in the frequency-encode direction
(e) cannot be used to increase the temporal resolution of dynamic contrast-enhanced studies
(a) A spoiled gradient echo image with a long echo time (TE) will be T2*-weighted.
(b) A spoiled gradient echo image with a short echo time (TE) and low flip angle will be T1-weighted.
(c) The echo time (TE) of a spoiled gradient echo sequence can be used to control whether the signals from fat and water are in-phase or out-of-phase.
(d) Gradient echo sequences are too slow to use in breath-hold acquisitions in abdominal imaging.
(e) Gradient echo sequences are better than spin echo sequences for reducing the image artefact around metal implants
(a) An inversion recovery sequence with a relatively short inversion time (TI ~ 150-240 ms) can be used to suppress the signal from fat.
(b) The inversion time (TI) required to suppress the signal from fat depends on the strength of the main magnetic field (B0).
(c) Inversion recovery sequences can be used to suppress the signal from fluid.
(d) Inversion recovery sequences can be used to suppress the signal from any tissue by choosing the appropriate inversion time (TI).
(e) Inversion recovery sequences are often used in contrast-enhanced MRI (i.e. after injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent).
(a) A SE image with a long echo time (TE) and long repetition time (TR) will be proton-density-weighted (PDw).
(b) A SE image with short echo time (TE) and long repetition time (TR) will be T2-weighted.
(c) A SE image with short echo time (TE) and long repetition time (TR) will be T1-weighted.
(d) Materials with long T1 appear bright on T1-weighted images.
(e) Materials with long T2 appear bright on T2-weighted images.
(a) You can infer that the material must have a low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) because it appears bright on a heavily diffusion-weighted image.
(b) You can infer that the material must have a high apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) because it appears bright on a heavily diffusion-weighted image.
(c) The bright appearance on the heavily diffusion-weighted image could be due to a low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) or long T2 or both of these properties.
(d) Inspection of all of the diffusion-weighted images and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps is required to correctly interpret the data.
(e) A b-value of 100 s/mm2 would generally provide a heavily diffusion-weighted image.
(a) All medical implants can be scanned in MRI but only using a 1.5T scanner.
(b) Implants containing metal can never be scanned using a 3T scanner.
(c) Contact burns may occur if the patient’s skin is touching metal items, electrical cables, or other parts of their skin during scanning.
(d) It may be necessary to modify imaging protocols in order to meet the conditions specified by the implant manufacturer for scanning a patient with an MR Conditional implant.
(e) Identifying a medical device has been labelled as MR Conditional is sufficient to ensure MR safety on a 1.5T MRI scanner.
(a) Fat suppression is always applied in all MR images.
(b) Inversion recovery-based fat suppression (e.g. STIR) suppresses fat by exploiting the difference in T1 relaxation times between fat and other tissues.
(c) Frequency-selective fat suppression methods (e.g. Chemical Shift Selective [CHESS], FatSat) suppress fat by exploiting the difference in resonant frequencies between protons in water molecules and protons in fat molecules.
(d) Frequency-selective fat suppression methods (e.g. CHESS, FatSat) are more likely to fail near metal implants compared with inversion recovery-based fat suppression.
(e) Dixon MRI sequences can be used to generate fat suppressed images